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  Unit 3 :Plasmid genetics   1.  Types of Plasmid 2.  Propertie of Plasmid 3.  Plasmid Replication 4.  Plasmid incompatibility 5.  Plasmid curing 6.  Plasmid amplification concepts     Plasmid Definition A plasmid is a small, circular piece of DNA that is different than the chromosomal DNA. Plasmids are defined as extra-chromosomal genetic elements, occurring chiefly in bacteria and rarely in eukaryotic organisms. In bacteria, plasmids are circular double-stranded DNA molecules which contain genes controlling a wide variety of functions.  In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) an RNA plasmid has been found.     This simplified figure depicts a bacterium’s chromosomal DNA in red and plasmids in blue. Functions of Plasmids Plasmids have many different functions. They may contain genes that enhance the survival of an organism, either by killing other organisms or by defending the host  cell  by producing toxins. Some p...

 UGC NET Paper 1: Teaching Aptitude Study Notes Teaching Aptitude is a section which assessing the teachers. It is the mode of evaluating the performance of the candidates who wish to pursue the profession of teaching. The method refers to the necessary qualities required to become a successful teacher. Here is the detailed notes that will help you to crack UGC NET with high marks. 1. Concept of Teaching Teaching can be defined as an activity that helps a child to learn and grasp the desired knowledge and skills. It also helps the child to know the way of living in a society. Teaching is a process which can be carried out formally or informally. Informal teaching takes place within the family while formal teaching takes place outside the family i.e., in a school. Formal teaching should be carried out by experienced faculty, teachers, editors, etc. 2. Characteristics of Teaching Below are the list of features of teaching:  Teaching takes place in a dynamic environment  Teaching is...

 (Unit IV) Observation of Microorganisms: • Bright field Microscope, Dark Field Microscope, Magnification, Resolution, Numerical aperture, Sample Preparation • Wet Mount, hanging drop technique • Theory of staining: Classification of stains, Stain (Basic and Acidic), Fixative, Mordant, Decoloriser, Accentuatorj • Principles and methods of staining techniques for following (Monochrome, Negative, Differential (Gram, Acid fast ), Special staining- Endospore, flagella, cell wall, nucleic acid, capsule) • Bright field Microscope, Dark Field Microscope, Magnification, Resolution, Numerical aperture, Sample Preparation The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. But microscopy continued to advance in the centuries that followed. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy, which uses an ultr...