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 2. Microbiological quality control tests for milk:  i. Dye reduction tests (MBRT/Resazurin) ii. Mastitis test  iii. Somatic cell count  iv. Phosphatase test  Reference: http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=5014 https://youtu.be/0XXIntGsBog https://youtu.be/XlmLqLCBFXk file:///C:/Users/kkk/Downloads/ShabuShoukatetal.2018_Chapter-6.pdf https://youtu.be/CQAxUVMBtwQ https://images.app.goo.gl/M1Gq7gfNqxJfp5cf7 https://images.app.goo.gl/M1Gq7gfNqxJfp5cf7 https://www.cargill.co.in/en/mastitis-in-cows-causes,-symptoms,-prevention-and-treatment https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/23634/1/MTC%20Bovine%20Mastitis%20Training%20Manual.pdf https://ahdb.org.uk/somatic-cell-count-milk-quality-indicator https://ahdb.org.uk/somatic-cell-count-milk-quality-indicator https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cell_count https://www2.helsinki.fi/en/unitube/video/079b5bb5-34b4-4111-93e5-67fedcd2f5c4 https://meridian.allenpress.com/jfp/article/31/11/350/424890/DIRECT-MICRO

 3. Microbiological quality of indigenous ( originating or occurring naturally in a particular place;)   dairy products:  i. Khoa  ii. Kulfi  iii. Shrikhand  iv. Paneer  v. Curd/ Buttermilk http://courseware.cutm.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/6.-Microbiology-of-Traditional-Dairy-Products.pdf http://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/Curriculum/Vocational/2015/Fluid_milk_processing_XII/Dairy-products-theory%20XII.pdf Introduction Since the production of various indigenous milk products is in the hands of ‘ halwais ’ (sweet makers) and rural areas, where unhygienic processing conditions are prevalent, the products are grossly contaminated.  The contamination results into a considerable increase in the population of spoilage organisms, thereby, lowering the keeping quality of the products.  The entry of pathogens which have great significance from the public health point of view is a major issue as the products are consumed by different sections of society including the vulnerable ones.

 1. Microbiological analysis of milk: Enumeration of bacteria. (Standard Plate Count (SPC) and Direct Microscopic Count) – raw milk and pasteurized milk. Reference link: https://youtu.be/4hi6GYxhPNQ https://youtu.be/8Btuff5NL-k https://youtu.be/xaBHSgNQAeg https://himedialabs.com/TD/S024.pdf http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=101515 http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=101513#:~:text=Direct%20Microscopic%20Count%20(DMC)%20is,of%20bacteria%20present%20in%20milk.&text=The%20method%20is%20useful%20for,sources%20of%20contamination%20of%20milk. http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=101515 https://foodsafety.foodscience.cornell.edu/sites/foodsafety.foodscience.cornell.edu/files/shared/documents/CU-DFScience-Notes-Bacteria-Raw-Milk-Review-09-08.pdf https://bio.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory_Experiments/Microbiology_Labs/Book%3A_General_Microbiology_Lab_Manual_(Pakpour_and_Horgan)/Lab_09%3A_Standard_Plate_Cou

  3. Plant disease epidemiology Concepts of monocyclic, polycyclic and polyetic diseases with one example of each, disease triangle and forecasting of plant diseases. Studying plant diseases in a particular plant population is known as plant disease epidemiology (PDE) .  Plant diseases are caused by the vast circle of diversified pathogens which continuously tend to undergo mutations and recombination, thus generating their new strains efficiently for their survival in the ecosystem. PDE involves the striving efforts of the researchers to intervene( take part in something so as to prevent or alter a result or course of events)   the favorable conditions of plant disease development thus considerably lowering the economic losses .  Firstly in 1963, J.E van der Plank introduced about the tools that could have been possibly used for predicting epidemic break down of some diseases caused by foliar pathogens .  Visually, PDE involves integrated strategy via incorporation of agronomical, bi

 4. Methods of plant disease control i. Eradication ii. Chemical control iii. Biological control (employing bacterial and fungal cultures) iv. Integrated pest management v. Genetic engineering for disease resistant plants i) Eradication: Eradication is the term used to describe the process of removing all infected plant material after the outbreak of either a new disease in an area or an old disease in a new area.  The domestic quarantine policies of many countries and states have achieved notable successes in eradicating serious pathogens affecting important crop industries.  However, more cynical observers believe that eradication does not prevent the spread of a pathogen, merely delays it.  One Australian example of successful eradication of a disease is citms canker .  Citrus canker is a generic term that includes a number of diseases of citrus caused by strains of the bacterium Xanthomonas.  There have been three outbreaks of citrus canker on the Australian mainland.  The origina