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  (Unit III ) Bacterial cell structure: • Ultrastructure of Bacteria-  1.Cell wall (Gram Positive and Gram negative),  2.Cell Membrane, 3.Capsule,  4.Flagella,  5.Pili,  6.slime layer,  7.Ribosome, 8. Nucleoid, 9.Mesosomes, 10.Endospore,  11.Cell inclusions (Gas vesicles,  carboxysomes,magnetosomes, PHB granules, Glycogen  bodies, metachromatic granules) Ultrastructure of Bacteria-  1. Cell wall (Gram Positive and Gram  negative)  Cell Wall: Just outside the plasma membrane, a complex semi-rigid structure that determines the shapes of bacteria is called a cell wall. The cell wall is an essential structure, as most bacteria cannot live without it.  Exceptionally Mycoplasma species and several archaea do not have cell wall. Although presence of cell wall is an unique characteristics of bacteria. two kinds of cell walls are detected in bacteria -Gram-positive and Gram-negative . These categories are based on differential staining response due to difference in chemical composition of cell

 (Unit II) Classification of Microorganisms: • All 5 major groups of microorganisms, Similarities and dissimilarities in relation to evolution. • Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic organisms. • Bacterial Classification: Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology • All 5 major groups of microorganisms, Similarities and dissimilarities in relation to evolution . Very early on, scientists began grouping the living organisms under different categories. Some biologists classified organisms into plants and animals. Ernst Haeckel, Robert Whittaker, and Carl Woese are some biologists who attempted a broader system of classification. Amongst these, the Five Kingdom Classification proposed by Robert Whittaker stood out and is widely used. In 1969, Robert H. Whittaker proposed a Five- Kingdom System of Classification, in which all organisms are placed into five kingdoms. Features of Five Kingdom System of Classification Whitaker proposed that organisms should be broadly divided into king