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 2. Classification of disease based on symptoms (with one example of the following): Canker, Downy mildew, Mosaic. Canker : Widely distributed throughout the United States, bacterial canker is most common on cherries and plums, but may also affect apricots and many other kinds of stone fruits.  Suspect this plant disease if sunken, water-soaked or “gummy” lesions form on the trunk or twigs.  When trees begin active growth in the spring, a sour smelling sap may ooze from these wounded areas.  The cankers become darker than the surrounding healthy bark, and the underlying tissue is reddish-brown to black and moist.  If cankers girdle the branches or trunk, the leaves above the diseased area curl and turn yellow.  Growth stops and the branch or tree will eventually die. The bacterium that causes canker,  Pseudomonas syringae , enters trees through injured bark or an existing wound, such as a pruning cut on a twig or branch.  Frost damage in the spri...

 Plant Pathology 1. Plant growth improvement and Stages in development of a disease: a. Plant growth improvement with respect to disease resistance b. Stages in development of a disease: Infection, invasion, colonization, dissemination of pathogens andperennation  Plant Pathology: Plant Pathology is a branch of agricultural science that deals with the study of fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and other microbes that cause diseases of plants.  Plants diseases and disorders make plant to suffer, either kill or reduce their ability to survive/ reproduce.  Any abnormal condition that alters the appearance or function of a plant is called plant disease.  The term ‘ Pathology’ is derived from two Greek words ‘pathos’ and ‘logos’, ‘Pathos’ means suffering and ‘logos’ Means to study/ knowledge. Therefore Pathology means “study of suffering”.  Thus the Plant Pathology or Phytopathology (Gr. Phyton=plant) is the branch of biology that deals with the study of suf...

 Difference Between Colostrum  and Milk  Colostrum and milk are closely related compounds that all female mammals produce to breastfeed their offspring.  But while they’re related, they’re not the same and therefore have different uses in health.  Colostrum: Colostrum is often referred to as “first milk,” and is produced by all mammals during pregnancy.  It is a thick, yellowish form of milk, typically available in the days immediately after birth. Colostrum is higher in both fat and protein than regular milk.  It is an impressively concentrated substance, packed with important nutrients and antibodies that newborns need for protection.  Colostrum is essential in strengthening both the immune and digestive systems of the baby.  It is the first immune system defense they receive after birth. The most common form of commercial colostrum is produced by cows, but other colostrum supplements exist.  Milk: Colostrum’s more well-known cousin, m...